Some Australians are more at risk of developing cancer than others. Genetic testing, which is a type of test that identifies a change in a person’s chromosomes or genes, is an emerging opportunity to better identify individual risk as part of cancer prevention and early detection.[118] This information can be used to determine predisposition to certain cancers by detecting cancer-related genetic alterations (such as BRCA mutations which are associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer, ovarian cancer and certain other cancers).
Identifying individuals at increased risk of developing cancers or cancer recurrence can support preventive interventions and earlier detection. This has significant potential to reduce the prevalence of later stage cancers, particularly among high-risk individuals, and improve overall survival rates.
Genomic tests can help determine mutations in genes that drive various cancer behaviours; from how aggressive the cancer may be to whether it is likely to spread and how it will respond to treatment.[119]
By studying genes and other genetic information, their functions, and how they interact with each other and with the environment, genomics may lead to new ways of understanding how cancer forms and to prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer more effectively.
Genetic and genomic testing technologies are being continually enhanced and becoming more precise, cost-effective and accessible.
Developing a national policy framework for genomics in cancer control across the cancer care continuum has the potential to promote a common understanding of this technology, drive its safe and effective application in practice, foster collaboration and provide future direction for its integration and use within the cancer care system.
A policy framework may also provide guidance on the importance and requirements of genomic testing infrastructure, implementation of best practice and culturally and medically appropriate aftercare (including routine access to genetic counselling), funding, quality and safety and considerations of the ethical, privacy, Indigenous Data Sovereignty and workforce challenges in incorporating genomics information into cancer care. The framework should also include the need for ongoing monitoring of the benefits and cost-effectiveness of genetic and genomic testing for cancer prevention, early detection and care.
Collaboration with the research and university sector across jurisdictions and states will ensure that the delivery and development of genomic screening is evidence-informed, consistent and accessible.